把握段与段之间的关系对于理解
托福阅读文章十分重要,在比对段落关系时,和比较句子关系类似,要从段落最主要的意思方面来判断。为了通俗易懂,段间关系可分为总分关系(句子之间称为概述与详述或抽象与具体关系)和并列关系。下面小编就分别从这两种关系出发,给大家详细分析托福阅读文章的段间关系。
托福阅读文章的段间关系:总分关系
上下两段意思方面相同,相比之下,上一个段落主要内容比下一个段落更具有概括性。
Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldestfossilwhale.ThefossilwasofficiallynamedPakicetusinhonorofthecountrywherethediscoverywasmade.Pakicetuswasfoundembeddedinrocksformedfromriverdepositsthatwere52millionyearsold.TheriverthatformedthesedepositswasactuallynotfarfromanancientoceanknownastheTethysSea.Thefossilconsistsofacompleteskullofanarchaeocyte,anextinctgroupofan-cestorsofmoderncetaceans.Althoughlimitedtoaskull,thePakicetusfossilprovidespreciousdetailsontheoriginsofcetaceans.Theskulliscetacean-likebutitsjawboneslacktheenlargedspacethatisfilledwithfatoroilandusedforreceivingunderwatersoundinmodernwhales.Pakicetusprobablydetectedsoundthroughtheearopeningasinlandmammals.Theskullalsolacksablowhole,anothercetaceanadaptationfordiving.Otherfeatures,however,showexpertsthatPakicetusisatransitionalformbetweenagroupofextinctflesh-eatingmammals,themesonychids,andcetaceans.IthasbeensuggestedthatPakicetusfedonfishinshallowwaterandwasnotyetadaptedforlifeintheopenocean.Itprobablybredandgavebirthonland.
解析:
注意:以下分析仅从段落层面角度来看,后文将置于篇章层面来看会出现变化。
段1中
首句最具有概述性,并提出:许多令人兴奋的发现允许科学家重建最可能的鲸的起源。其他句子为对P化石发现的背景介绍。
段2中
第二句为为本段最概述性内容,表明P化石给鲸鱼起源提供许多宝贵细节。其他句子相对第二句均为细节性内容。
段1与段2比较,段1更具有概括性。因此两端中TS在段1中,段2第二句为概述性细节MaD,其余句子均为详述性细节(未进一步分层次)。
托福阅读文章的段间关系:并列关系
上下两段意思方面不同。
AnothermajordiscoverywasmadeinEgyptin1989.Severalskeletonsofanotherearlywhale,Basilosaurus,werefoundinsedimentsleftbytheTethysSeaandnowexposedintheSaharadesert.Thiswhalelivedaround40millionyearsago,12millionyearsafterPakicetus.Manyincompleteskeletonswerefoundbuttheyincluded,forthefirsttimeinanarchaeocyte,acompletehindlegthatfeaturesafootwiththreetinytoes.Suchlegswouldhavebeenfartoosmalltohavesupportedthe50-foot-longBasilosaurusonland.Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblynonfunctional,orvestigial,hindlegs.Anevenmoreexcitingfindwasreportedin1994,alsofromPakistan.ThenowextinctwhaleAmbulocetusnatans("thewalkingwhalethatswam")livedintheTethysSea49millionyearsago.Itlivedaround3millionyearsafterPakicetusbut9millionbeforeBasilosaurus.Thefossilluckilyincludesagoodportionofthehindlegs.Thelegswerestrongandendedinlongfeetverymuchlikethoseofamodernpinniped.Thelegswerecertainlyfunctionalbothonlandandatsea.Thewhaleretainedatailandlackedafluke,themajormeansoflocomotioninmoderncetaceans.Thestructureofthebackboneshows,however,thatAmbulocetusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown,eventhoughaflukewasmissing.Thelargehindlegswereusedforpropulsioninwater.Onland,whereitprobablybredandgavebirth,Ambulocetusmayhavemovedaroundverymuchlikeamodernsealion.Itwasundoubtedlyawhalethatlinkedlifeonlandwithlifeatsea.
解析:
段1中
末句最具概述性,并提出:B毫无疑问是完全海生的鲸并有不起作用或退化了的后腿。
段2中
末句最具概述性,并提出:A毫无疑问是连接陆地和海洋生命的鲸。
段1与段2意思方面不同,为并列关系。
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