名师分享：托福长难句解析

在托福中，长难句成为大部分学生的难点，为此，准备一部分长难句，对托福备考是有百利的。

托福长难句分析：改造自然

The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season.

句子分析：本句主要是在做解释，这个解释是通过is之后that引导的表语从句来展开。在这个从句中有多个谓语动词并列出现，分别是：excavated, modified, plugged up，这些动作的实施都是为了in order to后面表达的目的，即create reservoirs，最后which引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰前面的名词reservoirs。

句子翻译：有一种解释是玛雅人挖掘或者改造自然的低地，然后通过在低地底部涂上灰泥来堵住喀斯特地貌所造成的漏水地方，这样做可以建立水库，而这些水库可以收集来自抹了灰泥的大型集水盆地的雨水并储存起来，以备旱季所用。

解题思路：这句话句简题的正确答案应该是选项A. Southern Maya populations obtained the water they needed for the dry season by collecting and storing rainwater in sealed depressions. (玛雅南部地区的居民通过堵住缝隙的低地来收集和储存雨水，以备旱季之用。)我们来看看其他几个错误答案的原因：选项B. The Maya are credited with creating methods for modifying natural rainwater and storing it. 其中的modifying natural rainwater是原句所没有提到的;选项C. Leaks in the karst caused difficulties in the creation of reservoirs, which were needed to store water for the dry season. 其中leaks in the karst这个问题在原句中已经通过涂上灰泥得到了解决，所以不存在困难;选项D. Southern Mayans were more successful at collecting rain than storing it during dry seasons. 其中more successful的比较在原句中没有提到。　

托福长难句分析：深海底部环境

Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space.

(定语后置in some ways…)

由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。

分句1：Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures

分句2：hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface

分句3：the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans

分句4：in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space

分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures，

分句1是分句3的原因状语

分句3是整个长句子的主句

分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans

整个句子结构是：原因状语+主句+后置定语

托福长难句分析：股东阶层代表

Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

结构分析：这个句子的主干是…manipulation…increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class…。其中an element 是class 的同位语。representing irresponsible wealth 是现在分词，作定语修饰前面的element, detached from是过去分词作后置定语，相当于是省略了which is 的定语从句。and 连接两个detached from, 都修饰前面的wealth。

参考译文：这种大规模地、非个人性地对资本和企业进行操作，极大地增加了作为一个阶层的股东的数量和重要性，作为国民生活的一部分，股东阶层代表着不承担责任的财富与土地拥有者应尽义务的分离，而且同样与企业的责任管理分离。

这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。

托福长难句分析：消费者需要

The trouble with that approach is that consumers tend to prefer devices that require simply plugging them in, without complicated setups of wireless channels, security, and other features common to home networks.

【结构分析】本句主干很清晰，是主系表结构。其中表语部分由that引导的名词性从句that consumers tend to prefer devices…充当。device后是that引导的定语从句 that require simply plugging them in…,关系代词that在从句中作主语。逗号后的介词短语 without complicated setups of wireless channels, security, and other features…作从句中的伴随状语(在翻译时我们可以转译为定语)，句末的形容词结构common to home networks后置作features的定语。

【参考译文】这一方式的问题在于，消费者更喜欢不需要创立复杂的无线电频道、安全保护以及家庭网络所共有的其他特性，便可以简单插入的装置。

托福长难句分析：深海底部环境

Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space.

(定语后置in some ways…)

由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。

分句1：Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures

分句2：hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface

分句3：the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans

分句4：in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space

分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures，

分句1是分句3的原因状语

分句3是整个长句子的主句

分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans

整个句子结构是：原因状语+主句+后置定语

这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。

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